About the training program
The group of scientific specialties 2.2. Electronics, Photonics, Instrumentation, and Communications combines research in the field of creating and improving electronic devices, optoelectronic systems, communication means, measuring and control systems, as well as technologies for their production, covering micro-, nano-, quantum devices, optics, microwave technology, and telecommunications. 2.2.4. Instruments and methods of measurement (by types of measurements) 2.2.8. Methods and instruments for control and diagnostics of materials, products, substances, and the natural environment 2.2.12. Medical devices, systems, and products